An Exploration into How the Rise of Curation Within Streaming Services Has Impacted How Music Fans in the UK Discover New Music
Charlie Lindsay
Bournemouth University
Abstract
Digitalisation and the rise of the Internet has wrought havoc upon the music industry, forcing it to frivolously adapt and transform the modes of music production, consumption, distribution and discovery. The act of music discovery has always existed as an integral process for both consumer and industry, yet in an age where music listeners are presented with so many discovery options, which do they perceive to be the most effective? The following study investigates the rapidly growing industry of music streaming services, exploring how UK based service users aged 18-35 are discovering new music, and subsequently, the effect that this has had on traditional music discovery techniques. Findings have been categorised into four research objectives: (1) benefits, limitations and usage of streaming services, (2) leading methods of music discovery, (3) how relevant traditional discovery platforms are in the streaming age and (4) the roles that human and algorithmic curation play within streaming services. The following study locates that subscription-streaming services surpass simply a listening platform and exist today as a leading method of music discovery for users. Additionally, whilst certain traditional methods of music discovery are perceived as archaic, the mediums of Radio and Word of Mouth still exist as leading music discovery platforms for these users. Conclusively, it was discovered that within streaming services, whilst human curated playlists were perceived to offer a more consistent recommendation of music, algorithmic curation exists as the most effective form of music discovery. Identifying streaming services as a leading music discovery method has opened the door for further research to be conducted in this area. Additionally, a number of implications for practitioners can be extracted from the findings within this study.References
Askalidis, G. and Stoddard, G., 2013. A Theoretical Analysis of Crowdsourced Content Curation. The 3rd Workshop on Social Computing and User Generated Content, 16 June 2013, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Available from: http://yiling.seas.harvard.edu/sc2013/Askalidis.pdf [Accessed 7 March 2016].
Beer, D., 2008. Making Friends with Jarvis Cocker: Music Culture in the Context of Web 2.0. Cultural Sociology, 2 (2), 222-241.
Beer, D., 2009. Power through the algorithm? Participatory web cultures and the technological unconscious. New Media & Society, 11 (6), 985-1002.
Betts, B. and Anderson, A., 2016. Ready, Set, Curate. Alexandria: ATD Press. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKEmCwAAQBAJ&gaining =PT8&lpg=PT8&dq=Ready,+Set,+Curate&source=bl&ots=DM0yKOj3QD&sig=MZzxRNpjkAy0CIfTEPl_brRPYGQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtyf322q7LAhWG7xQKHQlWC-QQ6AEITzAI#v=onepage&q=Ready%2C%20Set%2C%20Curate&f=false [Accessed 7 March 2016].
Bradley, N., 2013. Marketing research : tools & techniques. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2011. Business Research Methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Curation Nation, 2011. Talk about Curation [video, online]. Available from: http://curationchronicles.magnify.net/video/Clay-Shirky-6#c=1RMHLF18HLLBQ6WK&t=Talk%20about%20Curation [Accessed 2 May 2016].
Davies, M. and Hughes, N., 2014. Doing a successful research project: Using qualitative or quantitative methods. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dewan, S. and Ramaprasad, J., 2014. Social Media, Traditional Media, and Music Sales. MIS Quarterly, 38 (1), 101-121. Available from: http://misq.org/social-media-traditional-media-and-music-sales.html?SID=qi59t0lfumqcak1mv5dgvr4rg3 [Accessed 5 May 2016].
Dredge, S., 2016. Curations and Connections -- the Future of Music Streaming. Creative Review, 36 (1), 24-26.
Famurewa, J., 2015. Jimmy Iovine interview: producer talks Apple Music, Zane Lowe, and Taylor Swift’s wrath. Evening Standard, 6 August 2015, Available from: http://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/tech-gaming/jimmy-iovine-interview-producer-talks-apple-music-zane-lowe-and-taylor-swift-s-wrath-10442663.html [Accessed 10 April 2016].
Forrest, E., 1999. Internet Marketing Research Resources and Techniques. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
Gillespie, T., Boczkowski, P. J. and Foot, K. A., 2014. Media Technologies: Essays on Communication, Materiality, and Society. Cambridge: MIT Press. Available from: http://mitpress.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.001.0001/upso-9780262525374-chapter-9 [Accessed 6 May 2016].
Hagen, A. N., 2015. The Playlist Experience: Personal Playlists in Music Streaming Services. Popular Music and Society, 38 (5), 625-645. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03007766.2015.1021174 [Accessed 7 March 2016].
Hagen, A. N., 2016. The metaphors we stream by: Making sense of music streaming. First Monday, 21 (3), Available from: http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/6005/5277 [Accessed 5 May 2016].
IFPI, 2015. Digital Music Report 2015 [online]. UK: IFPI.
Inside Radio, 2015. FOR MILLENNIALS, MUSIC DISCOVERY STARTS WITH RADIO. Inside Radio [online] 8 December 2015. Available from: http://www.insideradio.com/free/for-millennials-music-discovery-starts-with-radio/article_1048bcfc-9d9b-11e5-bea5-3f9596935ad7.html [Accessed 15 May 2016].
Kamvar, S., 2010. Numerical Algorithms for Personalized Search in Self-Organizing Information Networks. Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Lathrop, T., 2003. This Business of Music Marketing and Promotion. New York: Billboard Books.
Mintel, 2016. Music and video streaming – UK – April 2016 [online]. London: Mintel Group.
Morris, J. W. and Powers, D., 2015. Control, curation and musical experience in streaming music services. Creative Industries Journal, 8 (2), 106-122.
Morris, J. W., 2015. Curation by code: Infomediaries and the data mining of taste. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4-5), 446–463.
O'Reilly, 2008. Web 2.0 Expo NY: Clay Shirky (shirky.com) It's Not Information Overload. It's Filter Failure. Video. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LabqeJEOQyI [Accessed 7 March 2016].
Ordun, G., 2015. Millennial (Gen Y) Consumer Behavior, Their Shopping Preferences and Perceptual Maps Associated With Brand Loyalty. Canadian Social Science, 11 (4), 40-55.
Owsinski, B., 2011. Music 3.0: A Survival Guide for Making Music in the Internet Age. 2nd ed. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Books.
Pariser, E., 2012. The Filter Bubble : What the Internet is Hiding From You. London: Penguin.
Peitz, M. and Waelbroeck, P., 2005. An Economist's Guide to Digital Music. CESifo Economic Studies, 51 (2-3), 359-428.
Popper, B., 2015. TASTEMAKER How Spotify’s Discover Weekly cracked human curation at internet scale. The Verge, 30 September 2015, Available from: http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/30/9416579/spotify-discover-weekly-online-music-curation-interview [Accessed 7 March 2016].
Rader, E. and Gray, R., 2015. Understanding User Beliefs About Algorithmic Curation in the Facebook News Feed. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing, 18-23 April 2015, Seoul, Korea. Korea: CHI '15, Available from: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2702174 [Accessed 9 March 2016].
Ralston, A. and Neill, H., 1997. Algorithms. London: Teach Yourself Books.
Richardson, J. H., 2014. The Spotify Paradox: How the Creation of a Compulsory License Scheme for Streaming On-Demand Music Platforms Can Save the Music Industry. UCLA Entertainment Law Review, 22(1), 22 (1), Available from: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n4322vm [Accessed 21 April 2016].
Rosenbaum, S., 2011. Curation Nation: How to win in a world where consumers are creators. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Rudestam, K. E. and Newton, R. R., 2007. Surviving your Dissertation: A comprehensive guide to content and process. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Sage Audio, 2014. How Millennials listen to music. Sage Audio [online], 29 October 2014. Available from: http://www.sageaudio.com/blog/music-news/millennials-listen-music.php [Accessed 15 April 2016].
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. 5th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall.
Schmidt, E., 2015. Intelligent machines: Making AI work in the real world. BBC, 12 September 2015, Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-34143171 [Accessed 10 April 2016].
Shardanand, U. and Maes, P., 1995. Social information filtering: algorithms for automating “word of mouthâ€. CHI '95 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 7-11 May 1995 Colorado. New York: ACM Press, 210-217.
Stafford, S. A., 2010. Music in the Digital Age: The Emergence of Digital Music and Its Repercussions on the Music Industry. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 1 (2), 112-120. Available from: http://www.elon.edu/docs/e-web/academics/communications/research/vol1no2/09staffordejfall10.pdf [Accessed 21 April 2016].
Swanson, K., 2013. Professional Learning in the Digital Age: The Educator's Guide to User-Generated Learning. New York: Routledge.
Teddlie, C. and Tashakkori, A., 2003. Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research. London: Sage Publications.
Teddlie, C. and Tashakkori, A., 2009. Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioural sciences. London: Sage Publications.
Tepper, S. T. and Hargittai, E., 2009. Pathways to music exploration in a digital age. Poetics, 37 (3), 227–249.
Toffler, A., 1970. Future Shock. New York: Random House.
Trefzger, T., Rose, M., Baccarella, C. and Voigt, K. I., 2015. Streaming Killed the Download Star! How the Business Model of Streaming Services Revolutionizes Music Distribution. Journal of Organizational Advancement, Strategic and Institutional Studies, 7 (1), 29-39. Available from: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=2587176 [Accessed 6 May 2016].
Valenza, J. K., Boyer, B. L. and Curtis, D., 2014. Social Media Curation. Chicago: American Library Association.
Weissman, D. and Jermance, F., 2003. Navigating the Music Industry: Current Issues & Business Models. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard Corporation.
Zhong, C., Sundaravadivelan, K., Shah, S. and Sastry, N., 2013. Sharing the Loves: Understanding the How and Why of Online Content Curation. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 8–11 July 2013, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Palo Alto: AAAI, Available from: http://www.inf.kcl.ac.uk/staff/nrs/pubs/icwsm13.pdf [Accessed 7 March 2016].