‘The Shonda Gaze’: The Effects of Television and Black Female Identity in the UK
Roxanne Asare
Abstract
This research paper looks into how modern-day representations of black women in the media, specifically television, impact the way in which young black women in the UK shape their identity. While there is extensive literature on the implications of historical stereotypes on black women, there is a lack of understanding and academic attention towards the impact modern representations have on this social group within the UK. However, through audience perception theory alongside a conceptual framework based on a Black Feminist perspective, this research uncovers that despite the influx of ‘positive’ representation in TV, young black women in the UK have maintained and developed a negative discourse of self-perception that stems to judgement of those similar to them based on gender and racial bias in society.References
ABC, 2011. Watch Scandal TV Show. ABC.com, ABC. Available from: http://abc.go.com/shows/scandal [Accessed 23 May 2017].
Ani, M., 1994. Let the circle be unbroken: The implications of spirituality in the Diaspora. New York: Red Sea Press.
Ashley, W., 2013. The angry black woman: The impact of pejorative stereotypes on psychotherapy with black women. Social Work in Public Health, 29 (1), 27-34.
Atkin, D., 1992. An analysis of television series with minorityâ€lead characters. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 9 (4), 337-349.
Bankhead, T. and Johnson, T., 2014. Self-esteem, hair esteem and Black women with natural hair. International Journal of Education and Social Science, (1), 92-102. [Accessed 22 May 2017].
Bess, Y., 2015. Representations of Black Women in Media: Identity Development of African American Adolescent Girls. Academia.edu. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/15148387/Representations_of_Black_Women_in_Media_Identity_Development_of_African_American_Adolescent_Girls [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Blay, Z. and Gray, E., 2015. Why We Need To Talk About White Feminism. The Huffington Post. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/why-we-need-to-talk-about-white-feminism_us_55c8ca5ce4b0f73b20ba020a [Accessed 22 Apr. 2017].
Bordalo, P., Coffman, K., Gennaioli, N. and Shleifer, A., 2016. Stereotypes. Scholar.harvard.edu. Available from: http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/pdf.pdf?m=1455816262 [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Burgess, R., 1982. 'Elements of sampling in field research' in R.G. Burgess eds.
Field Research: A Source Book and Field Manual. London: Allen & Unwin.
Byrd, A., and Tharps, L., 2001. Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Catalyst., 2004. Advancing African-American Women in the Workplace: What Managers Need to Know. Catalyst. Available from: http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/advancing-african-american-women-workplace-what-managers-need-know [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Class-Peters, G., 2016. Black Woman, White Movement: Why Black Women Are Leaving the Feminist Movement. The Huffington Post. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lindsay-hoffman/black-woman-white-movemen_b_8569540.html [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017].
Collins, P, H., 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and The Politics of Empowerment. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
Collins, P. H., 1991. ‘The meaning of motherhood in Black culture and Black mother/daughter relationships.’ In P. Bell Scott eds. Double Stitch: Black Women Write about Mothers and Daughters (pp. 42–60). Boston: Beacon Press.
Collins, P. H., 1998. Fighting words: Black Women and the Search for Justice. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Collins, P.H., 2002. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. London: Routledge.
Crenshaw, K., 1989. Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1 (8), 139-167. Available from: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8 [Accessed 1 May 2017].
Crooks, D.L., 2001. The importance of symbolic interaction in grounded theory research on women's health. Health Care for Women International, 22 (1-2), 11-27.
Desai, P., 2002. Methods Beyond Interviewing in Qualitative Market Research. 3rd edition. London: Sage.
Faluyi, D., 2015. An exploration into the objectification of self in female hip-hop culture as a form of misogyny or empowerment in the eyes of the viewer. Journal of Promotional Communications, 3 (3), 446-464.
Fearon, J.D., 1999. What is Identity (as we now use the word). Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
Frazier, E., 2013. Girls, Girls, Girls: Analysing Race and Sexuality Portrayal in Music Videos. Thesis (MA). Stanford University.
Glaser, B. and Strauss, A., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for
Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
Good Hair. 2009. Film Directed by J. Stilson and Chris Rock: HBO Films.
Griggs, I., 2017. Diversity in PR: Industry struggling to arrest 'achingly slow' progress. Prweek.com. Available from: http://www.prweek.com/article/1418674/diversity-pr-industry-struggling-arrest-achingly-slow-progress [Accessed 16 May 2017].
Hankivsky, O., 2014. Intersectionality 101. cal, 64 (1), 238.
Harris, T. and Hill, P., 1998. “Waiting to exhale†or “Breath(ing) againâ€: A search for identity, empowerment, and love in the 1990s. Women and Language, 11 (2), 9-20.
Hartmann, P. and Husband, C., 1974. Racism and the Mass Media. London: DavisPoynter.
Harwood, J. and Anderson, K., 2002. The presence and portrayal of social groups on prime-time television. Communication Reports, 15 (2), 81-97. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/08934210209367756 [Accessed 22 May 2017].
hooks, b., 1982. Aint I A Woman: Black Women and Feminism. London: Pluto Press.
hooks, b., 1984. Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. 1st ed. Boston: South End.
hooks, b., 2000. Feminism is for Everybody: Passionate Politics. London: Pluto Press.
Jacobs, L., Claes, E. and Hooghe, M., 2015.The occupational roles of women and ethnic minorities on primetime television in Belgium: An analysis of occupational status measurements. Mass Communication and Society, 18 (4), 498-521.
John, M., 2016. How to Get Away with Murder Is Defying Hollywood “Normsâ€. TVOvermind. Available from: http://www.tvovermind.com/how-to-get-away-with-murder/get-away-murder-defying-hollywood-norms [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
Jordan, C., 2016. Shonda Rhimes crowns Black women king on Thursday nights. Rolling Out. Available from: http://rollingout.com/2016/02/12/shonda-rhimes-crowns-black-women-king-thursday-nights/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
Kilbourne, J., 2010. Killing Us Softly 4: Advertising’s Images of Women. Cambridge Documentaries.
King, V. and Niabaly, D., 2014. The Politics of Black Womens' Hair. Journal of Undergraduate Research at Minnesota State University, Mankato, 13 (1), 4.
Kissell, R., 2016. Ratings: ABC’s ‘Scandal,’ ‘How to Get Away with Murder’ Fade Further Thursday. Variety. Available from: http://variety.com/2016/tv/news/ratings-abcs-scandal-how-to-get-away-with-murder-fade-thursday-1201710499/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
Kitzinger, J., 1994. The methodology of focus groups: the importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16 (1), 103-121.
Kitzinger, J., 1995. Qualitative research. Introducing focus groups. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 311 (7000), 299.
Knight, K., 2011. The Historical Construction of Black Female Sexuality. Academia.edu. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/1548854/The_Historical_Construction_of_Black_Female_Sexuality [Accessed 22 May 2017].
Lorde, A. and Clarke, C., 2007. Sister Outsider. 1st ed. Berkeley: Crossing Press.
Lugones, M., 2003. Pilgrimageslperegrinajes: Theorizing Coalition against Multiple Oppressions. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Meyers, M., 2013. African American Women in the News, Gender, Race and Class in Journalism. New York: Routledge.
Mitchell, A. and Herring, K., 1998. What the Blues is: Black Women Overcoming Stress and Depression. New York: Perigee.
Morgan, D., 1996. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research (Vol. 16). London: Sage publications.
Morrison, T., 1992. Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality. Pantheon.
Muhammad, G. and McArthur, S., 2015. “Styled by Their Perceptionsâ€: Black Adolescent Girls Interpret Representations of Black Females in Popular Culture. Multicultural Perspectives, 17 (3), 133-140.
Mulvey, L., 1989. Visual and Other Pleasures. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Oh, S., 2007. The 2007 TIME 100 - TIME. TIME.com. Available from: http://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595332_1616813,00.html [Accessed 23 May 2017].
Ortega, M., 2006. Being lovingly, knowingly ignorant: White feminism and women of color. Hypatia, 21 (3), 56-74.
Patton, T., 2006. Hey girl, am I more than my hair?: African American women and their struggles with beauty, body image, and hair. NWSA journal, 18 (2), 24-51.
Persaud, C., 2015. Netflix scores exclusive rights to season one of How to Get Away With Murder. Digital Trends. Available from: http://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/how-to-get-away-with-murder-netflix-streaming-exclusive/ [Accessed 16 Jan. 2017].
Quinlan, M., Bates, B. and Webb, J., 2012. Michelle Obama ‘Got Back':(Re)Defining (Counter)Stereotypes of Black Females. Women and Language, 35 (1), 119-126.
Reynolds-Dobbs, W., Thomas, K. and Harrison, M., 2008. From mammy to superwoman: Images that hinder Black women's career development. Journal of Career Development, 35 (2), 129-150.
Robinson, C., 2011. Hair as race: Why “Good hair†may be bad for black females. Howard Journal of Communications, 22 (4), 358-376.
Russell, L., 2015. Negotiating Identity: Black Female Identity Construction in a Predominantly-White Suburban Context. Urban Education Research and Policy Annuals, 3 (1), 9-23.
Schug, J., Alt, N., Lu, P., Gosin, M. and Fay, J., 2017. Gendered race in mass media: Invisibility of Asian men and Black women in popular magazines. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 6 (3), 222-236.
Signorelli, N., 2009. Race and Sex in Prime Time: A Look at Occupations and Occupational Prestige. Mass Communication and Society, 12 (3), 332-352.
Simmonds, F., 1994. She's Gotta Have It: The Representation of Black Female Sexuality in Film. In M. Evans eds. The Woman Question. Great Britain, The Cromwell Press Ltd, 138-143.
Sincero, S., 2016. Advantages and Disadvantages of Surveys. Explorable.com. Available from: https://explorable.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-surveys [Accessed 24 May 2017].
Sinclair, S., Hardin, C., and Lowery, B., 2006. Selfstereotyping in the context of multiple social identities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 529–542.
Smith, B., 2016. But Some of Us Are Brave: A History of Black Feminism in the U.S. Mit.edu. Available from: http://www.mit.edu/activities/thistle/v9/9.01/6blackf.html [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017].
Spelman, E., 1988. Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought. Boston: Beacon Press.
Stanley, A., 2014. Viola Davis Plays Shonda Rhimes’s Latest Tough Heroine. Nytimes.com. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/21/arts/television/viola-davis-plays-shonda-rhimess-latest-tough-heroine.html?_r=0 [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].
Stephens, D. P. and Phillips, L. D. 2005. Integrating Black feminist thought into conceptual frameworks of African American adolescent women’s sexual scripting processes. Sexualities, Evolution and Gender, 7, 37–55.
Stephens, D. P. and Phillips, L. D., 2003. Freaks, Gold Diggers, Divas, and Dykes: The Sociohistorical Development of Adolescent African American Sexual Scripts. Sexuality and Culture, 7 (1), 3-47.
Stephens, D., 2010. Selling Sexy: Mainstream Hip-Hop Culture's Commodification of Black Female Sexuality. Digitalcommons.fiu.edu. Available from http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=africana_fac_pres [Accessed 23 May 2017].
Stoffel, A., 2016. EMERGING FEMINISMS, Is Shonda Rhimes a Feminist? - The Feminist Wire. The Feminist Wire. Available from: http://www.thefeministwire.com/2016/03/emerging-feminisms-is-shonda-rhimes-a-feminist/ [Accessed 21 Apr. 2017].
Szymanski, D., Moffitt, L. and Carr, E., 2011. Sexual objectification of women: advances to theory and research. The Counseling Psychologist, 39 (1), 6-38.
Tolman, D. and Higgins, T., 1996. How being a good girl can be bad for girls. In N. Maglin & D. Perry eds. Bad girls/good girls: Women, Sex and Power in the Nineties (pp. 205-225). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Townsend, T., Thomas, A.J. and Jackson, T.R., 2010. I'm no Jezebel; I am young, gifted, and Black: identity, sexuality, and Black girls. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34 (3), 273-285.
Tucker, N., 2012. D.C. insider Judy Smith is basis for ABC drama “Scandalâ€. Washington Post. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/dc-insider-judy-smith-is-basis-for-abc-drama-scandal/2012/03/29/gIQAbT8JlS_story.html?utm_term=.ff3fab95ad9d [Accessed 23 May 2017].
West, C., 1995. Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel: Historical images of Black women and their implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 32 (3), 458-466.
Wolcott, H. F., 2008. Ethnography: A Way of Seeing. 2nd edition. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press.
Young, C., 2014. This Is What I Mean When I Say "White Feminism". Battymamzelle.blogspot.co.uk. Available from: http://battymamzelle.blogspot.co.uk/2014/01/This-Is-What-I-Mean-When-I-Say-White-Feminism.html#.Vceh3LNViko [Accessed 19 Apr. 2017].